genetic diagnosis of sickle cell anemia analysis sheets

Fri, 03 Sep 2010 22:45:52 -0400





^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 1 (Genetics and the Organism): Introduction
^ Hartl D, Jones E (2005)
^ Weiling F (1991). "Historical study: Johann Gregor Mendel 1822–1884". American Journal of Medical Genetics 40 (1): 1–25; discussion 26. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320400103. PMID 1887835.
^ Lamarck, J-B (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica Online on 2008-03-16.
^ a b Mendel, GJ (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden". Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn 4: 3–47. (in English in 1901, J. R. Hortic. Soc. 26: 1–32) translation available online
^ genetics, n., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
^ Bateson W. Letter from William Bateson to Alan Sedgwick in 1905. The John Innes Centre. Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
^ genetic, adj., Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed.
^ Bateson, W (1907). "The Progress of Genetic Research". Wilks, W (editor) Report of the Third 1906 International Conference on Genetics: Hybridization (the cross-breeding of genera or species), the cross-breeding of varieties, and general plant breeding, London: Royal Horticultural Society.
Although the conference was titled "International Conference on Hybridisation and Plant Breeding", Wilks changed the title for publication as a result of Bateson's speech.
^ Moore JA (1983). "Thomas Hunt Morgan—The Geneticist". American Zoologist 23 (4): 855–865. doi:10.1093/icb/23.4.855.
^ Sturtevant AH (1913). "The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association". Journal of Experimental Biology 14: 43–59. pdf from Electronic Scholarly Publishing
^ Avery OT, MacLeod CM, and McCarty M (1944). "Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types: Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III". Journal of Experimental Medicine 79 (1): 137–158. doi:10.1084/jem.79.2.137. 35th anniversary reprint available
^ Hershey AD, Chase M (1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal of General Physiology 36: 39–56. doi:10.1085/jgp.36.1.39. PMID 12981234.
^ Judson, Horace (1979). The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 51–169. ISBN 0-87969-477-7.
^ Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953). "Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature 171 (4356): 737–738. doi:10.1038/171737a0.
^ Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953). "Genetical Implications of the Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature 171 (4361): 964–967. doi:10.1038/171964b0.
^ Sanger F, Nicklen S, and Coulson AR (1977). "DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors". Nature 74 (12): 5463–5467. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. PMID 271968.
^ Saiki RK, Scharf S, Faloona F, Mullis KB, Horn GT, Erlich HA, Arnheim N (1985). "Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia". Science 230 (4732): 1350–1354. doi:10.1126/science.2999980. PMID 2999980.
^ a b Human Genome Project Information. Human Genome Project. Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Introduction
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Mendel's experiments
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Interactions between the alleles of one gene
^ Richard W. Cheney. Genetic Notation. Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Human Genetics
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 4 (Gene Interaction): Gene interaction and modified dihybrid ratios
^ Mayeux R (2005). "Mapping the new frontier: complex genetic disorders". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 115 (6): 1404–1407. doi:10.1172/JCI25421. PMID 15931374.
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 25 (Quantitative Genetics): Quantifying heritability
^ Luke A, Guo X, Adeyemo AA, Wilks R, Forrester T, Lowe W Jr, Comuzzie AG, Martin LJ, Zhu X, Rotimi CN, Cooper RS (2001). "Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people". Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 (7): 1034–1041. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801650. Abstract from NCBI
^ Pearson H (2006). "Genetics: what is a gene?". Nature 441 (7092): 398–401. doi:10.1038/441398a. PMID 16724031.
^ Prescott, L (1993). Microbiology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers. 0-697-01372-3.
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 8 (The Structure and Replication of DNA): Mechanism of DNA Replication
^ Gregory SG et al. (2006). "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1". Nature 441: 315–321. doi:10.1038/nature04727. free full text available
^ Alberts et al. (2002), DNA and chromosomes: Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber
^ a b Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 3 (Chromosomal Basis of Heredity): Mendelian genetics in eukaryotic life cycles
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 2 (Patterns of Inheritance): Sex chromosomes and sex-linked inheritance
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial conjugation
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 7 (Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Their Viruses): Bacterial transformation
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Nature of crossing-over
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 5 (Basic Eukaryotic Chromosome Mapping): Linkage maps
^ Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L, Clarke ND (2002). Biochemistry, 5th edition, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. I. 5. DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information: Amino Acids Are Encoded by Groups of Three Bases Starting from a Fixed Point
^ Crick, F (1970): Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (PDF). Nature 227, 561–563. PMID 4913914
^ Alberts et al. (2002), Proteins: The Shape and Structure of Proteins
^ Alberts et al. (2002), Proteins: Protein Function
^ How Does Sickle Cell Cause Disease?. Brigham and Women's Hospital: Information Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders (2002-04-11). Retrieved on 2007-07-23.
^ Imes DL, Geary LA, Grahn RA, Lyons LA (2006). "Albinism in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is associated with a tyrosinase (TYR) mutation" (Short Communication). Animal Genetics 37 (2): 175. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01409.x. Retrieved on 2006-05-29.
^ MedlinePlus: Phenylketonuria. NIH: National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
^ Brivanlou AH, Darnell JE Jr (2002). "Signal transduction and the control of gene expression". Science 295 (5556): 813–818. doi:10.1126/science.1066355. PMID 11823631.
^ Alberts et al. (2002), Control of Gene Expression - The Tryptophan Repressor Is a Simple Switch That Turns Genes On and Off in Bacteria
^ Jaenisch R, Bird A. "Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals". Nature Genetics 33 (3s): 245–254. doi:10.1038/ng1089.
^ Chandler VL (2007). "Paramutation: From Maize to Mice". Cell 128: 641–645. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.007.
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Spontaneous mutations
^ Kunkel TA (2004). "DNA Replication Fidelity". Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (17): 16895–16898. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600158.
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 16 (Mechanisms of Gene Mutation): Induced mutations
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 17 (Chromosome Mutation I: Changes in Chromosome Structure): Introduction
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Variation and its modulation
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Selection
^ Griffiths et al. (2000), Chapter 24 (Population Genetics): Random events
^ Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species, 1st, John Murray, 1. . Related earlier ideas were acknowledged in Darwin, Charles (1861). On the Origin of Species, 3rd, John Murray, xiii.
^ Gavrilets S (2003). "Perspective: models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?". Evolution 57 (10): 2197–2215. doi:10.1554/02-727. PMID 14628909.
^ Wolf YI, Rogozin IB, Grishin NV, Koonin EV (2002). "Genome trees and the tree of life". Trends Genet. 18 (9): 472–479. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02744-0. PMID 12175808.
^ The Use of Model Organisms in Instruction. University of Wisconsin: Wisconsin Outreach Research Modules. Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
^ NCBI: Genes and Disease. NIH: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
^ Davey Smith, G; Ebrahim, S (2003). "‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?". International Journal of Epidemiology 32: 1–22. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070. PMID 12689998.
^ Pharmacogenetics Fact Sheet. NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences. Retrieved on 2008-03-15.
^ Strachan T, Read AP (1999). Human Molecular Genetics 2, second edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. Chapter 18: Cancer Genetics
^ Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.1. DNA Cloning with Plasmid Vectors
^ Lodish et al. (2000), Chapter 7: 7.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Alternative to Cloning
^ Brown TA (2002). Genomes 2, 2nd edition. ISBN ISBN 1 85996 228 9. Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.1. The Methodology for DNA Sequencing
^ Brown (2002), Section 2, Chapter 6: 6.2. Assembly of a Contiguous DNA Sequence

plant cell with all organelles

Fri, 03 Sep 2010 22:45:56 -0400





A plant has eukaryotic cells and hence shares many features and organelles with animal cells. Although the cells are more closely related to each other than those of bacteria, there are still many important differences between them. The main ways in which cells of a plant differ from those of an animal are the presence of rigid cellulose cell walls and of features such as vacuoles.

A further difference between plant and animal cells is the presence of chloroplasts; these belong to a group of organelles that are called plastids. This organelle is responsible for the energy creation of plants as it contains light responsive pigment chlorophyll. The chloroplast is not the only plastid to be found in plant cells, others include the amyloplast.

As a eukaryotic, a plant cell shares many similarities with the cells of animals, some of the common features that they share include the cytoplasm, ER, golgi bodies, mitochrondia, and the nucleus.

Specific organelles and structures within a plant cell have important roles to play, for example the presence of a rigid cell wall plays a major role in strengthening and supporting a plant. As mentioned before the vacuole is only found in plant cells, this feature allows a plant to have great turgidity. The foliage of most plants is green in colour, this is because the chloroplast contains pigments known a chlorophyll. These pigments are able to respond to different lights, usually in the blue, far-red, and red wavelengths. he chloroplasts converts the energy contained in blue, red and far-red light in to starch in a procedure known as photosynthesis.

The use of specialised cells, known as phloem cells, in a plant allows for the movement of hormones and nutrients with the organism. The transport of water throughout a plant largely occurs in a different system to that of the phloem cells, in a second transport system known as the xylem.This system is created by the unification of lignified xylem tissue.

If you would like to know more about this subject, then I recommend taking a look at the Plant Cell Diagram page of the http://www.plant-biology.com website as being able to see the plant cell visually will make the key concepts much easier to understand.

Article Source: An Analysis of Plant Cells and How They Differ From Those of Animals

organelle functions

Cell Wall           This is the layer that surrounds the plant cell which is made  up of  fibres of cellulose , hemi cellulose,   pectin and proteins.  This outer protective layer is very thick and rigid that provide  strength to the plant body.Cell Membrane             This is the thin layer inner to the cell wall.   It is made up of lipids and proteins that surrounds the cytoplasm  and is semi permeable .Cytoplasm           The plant cell anatomy reveals the appearance of cytoplasm.  It is fluid in which cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulam, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, plastids etc... are distributed  and also acting as the site for various cellular activities.Endoplasmic reticulam:  It is a network of tiny tubular structures  scattered in the cytoplasm acting as a channel for transporting materials.There are two types of endoplasmic reticulam- ribosome bearing -Rough Endoplasmic Reticulam (RER)   and without  ribosome-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulam(SER).Golgi apparatus-It is  flattened ,disc-shaped sac or cisternae arranged parallel to each other.Its function is packaging and delivery of materials  inside or out side the cells.Lysosomes-They are membrane bound vescicular structures  containing highly active hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting  carbohydrates,proteins,lipids and  nucleic acids.But found rarely in plant cells..Vacuoles-These are membrane bound organelles containing  water,sap, excretory products and other  useful substances needed  for the cellular activities. Its outer  membrane is called tonoplast.In young plant cells small vacuoles are  present  while the  older plant cells are identified with a big vacuole.Mitochondria-Cylindrical or sausage shaped organelles act as sites for cellular respiration.It is with a  double membrane and the  outer membrane is the smooth  limiting membrane  and inner membrane  form infoldings  called  cristae  in to the  matrix  to increase the surface area for respiration. Here energy is produced in the form of ATP molecules  and stored . Hence they are called  ' power houses' of he cell.It contains a circular DNA  in its matrix.PLASTIDS-Three types of plastids present-chloroplast,chromoplast and leucoplast.Chloroplasts  contain chlorophyll pigments that trap light  energy for photosynthesis. Chromoplasts  are  the plastids   that give colour to the  flowers and other parts.Leucoplasts are the colourless plastids present   in roots.Plastids are also double membraned structures contain the matrix called  stroma in which flattened  membranous  sacs   called thylakoids ,arranged  as stalks called grana.This also contains circular DNA.Ribosomes-Granular structures composed of   RNA and act as sites  for protein synthesis.Cytoskeleton-Plant cell anatomy  shows some proteinaceous filamentous net work in the cytoplasm which provides mechanical support and maintain the shape of the cell.Nucleus--In the study of plant cell anatomy the important  structure locating as the centre for controlling  cellular activities is the nucleus. The nuclear membrane is  double  layered   that  covers  the nucleoplasm which contains  chromatin fibres (chromosomes) and nucleolus.  Chromosomes  are the structures  made up of  DNA  -- the heriditary units.

splintercell pandora tomorrow patch

Fri, 03 Sep 2010 22:45:59 -0400






Sam Fisher is back, and this time, he's brought some friends. Well, that's not exactly true--Fisher, an ultrasecret agent in league with the US government, always works alone. But the point is, the sequel to Ubisoft's blockbuster hit, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, not only offers more of the same spectacular single-player stealth action, starring Sam, that was featured in the original game, but also boasts a genuinely innovative, new multiplayer mode for up to four players, in which small groups of spies must match wits with heavily armed mercenaries. The multiplayer mode ties in with the single-player storyline, though the two portions of the game are completely self-contained. In fact, both the single-player and multiplayer portions of Pandora Tomorrow are highly impressive in their own right and add up to an experience that will surely appeal to fans of the first Splinter Cell, let alone anyone remotely interested in a game about high-tech stealth, subterfuge, and sabotage.


Splinter Cell Pandora Tomorrow
PC-GAME | HF | 492.23 MB

February 2006:
U.S. troops become controversially embroiled in a conflict between East Timor & government-supported Indonesian guerrillas.

Guerrilla Militia leader Suhadi Sadono has made himself nearly invulnerable, planting scattered smallpox carriers around the

world, to be released if he dies. Fisher must defend & assist the US military, both locally & from remote locations until

Suhadi’s terror-driven “insurance policy” can be subverted & the guerrilla faction decapitated.


Key Features:

1. A new more immersive storyline and stronger secondary characters
Famous places the world over: Paris, Djakarta, LAX airport & a more understandable threat
2. A new powerful Sam More moves, more gadgets
3. Higher production values
High quality cinematic, Splinter Cell official theme, improved quality voice acting…
4. A new technological benchmark on consoles
Outdoor & progressive dynamic lighting, enhances stealth gameplay, natural lights, improved animations
5. Refined single player stealth experience
More open ended missions / increasing replayabality / alternative to the trial
6. The first ever-competitive stealth online gameplay
Stealth actions hide & seek adversarial gameplay on Xbox live. ====================
System Requirements
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
Min Requirements:
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Supported OS : Windows /XP/7
Processor: 1Ghz Pentium III or AMD Athlon processor
RAM: 128 MB of RAM
Video card: 64MB video card, ATI 8500 (or higher), GeForce 3 (or higher)
Sound card: Direct X8 compatible
CR-Rom: CD-Rom 8X
Peripherals: Windows compatible mouse and keyboard required
Network: Broadband modem 64Kbit upload
Hard Drive space needed: 2Go
-=-=-==-==-=-=-=-=-=-==-=-=-
Recommended Requirements:
=========================
Supported OS : Windows XP
Processor: 1,8 Ghz Pentium IV
RAM: 512 MB of RAM
Video card: GeForce FX 128MB or ATI 9800
Sound card: Direct X8 compatible and EAX
CR-Rom: CD-Rom 16X
Peripherals: Windows compatible mouse with wheel
Network: Broadband modem 128Kbit upload
Hard Drive space needed: 2,5Go
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
1)Extract with 7zip or winrar
2)Open the support folder run the hardware detection software
3)Run reg{optional}
4)Play and enjoy

DOWNLOAD HOTFILEhttp://hotfile.com/dl/61470056/732433f/Splinter_Cell_Pandora_Tomorrow.zip.001.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/61470011/2ab8ad3/Splinter_Cell_Pandora_Tomorrow.zip.002.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/61470066/50259f2/Splinter_Cell_Pandora_Tomorrow.zip.003.html
http://hotfile.com/dl/61469467/64ddc96/Splinter_Cell_Pandora_Tomorrow.zip.004.html